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Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic

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Russian and Russian Studies 281. Russian Arts and Culture|

Review of Russian grammar. Emphasis on oral comprehension and verbal proficiency.|

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As the animal populations declined, the , already too dependent on the new barter economy created by the Russian fur trade, were increasingly coerced into taking greater and greater risks in the highly dangerous waters of the North Pacific to hunt for more otter. As the developed as a monopoly, it used skirmishes and violent incidents turned into systematic violence as a tool of colonial exploitation of the indigenous people. When the Aleuts revolted and won some victories, the Russians retaliated, killing many and destroying their boats and hunting gear, leaving them no means of survival. The most devastating effects were from disease: during the first two generations (1741/1759-1781/1799 AD) of Russian contact, 80 percent of the Aleut population died from Eurasian ; these were by then endemic among the Europeans, but the Aleut had no against the new diseases.|

There are also Russian Catholic parishes and faith communities in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, San Francisco, New York, Denver, Melbourne, Buenos Aires, Dublin, Meudon, Paris, Chevetogne, Lyon, Berlin, Munich, Rome, Milan, and Singapore.|

It was reintroduced as an official holiday with the fall of the communist rule, and has been observed ever since. Unlike Christmas in Europe and the USA Russian Orthodox Christmas retains its original, purely religious nature. There it is mostly about church services and praising Jesus Christ rather than exchanging gifts or getting together with one’s family. That is why while it means a lot to those more or less religious, to the rest of Russians it is just yet another holiday AND a whole day off.|

The issue of enroachment by other Christian denominations into Russia is a particularly sensitive one to some in the Russian Orthodox Church, since the church has only recently come out from under considerable persecution during the regime of the . Prior to the , there were some 54,000 functioning parishes and over 150 bishops. By , there were less than 100 functioning parishes and only two bishops.|

The most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska are the nearly 90 Russian Orthodox parishes with a membership of over 20,000 men, women, and children, almost exclusively indigenous people. These include several groups of the interior, very large communities, and the quasi-totality of the Aleut and Koniag populations. Among the few Tlingit Orthodox parishes, the large group in Juneau adopted Orthodox Christianity only after the Russian colonial period, in an area where there had been no Russian settlers nor missionaries. The widespread and continuing local Russian Orthodox practices are likely the result of the merger or creolization of local cultures and Christian beliefs and rituals.|

It takes place on February 23. It bears root from Soviet era. The holiday was formerly known as The Soviet Army Day, or even earlier it was The Red Army Day, as on February 23, 1918 the Red Army was officially created. Since all men in Russia are liable to military service, The Soviet Army Day applied to all men. Thy all got small token gifts from women on that day. For obvious political reasons it has been recently renamed into "FatherLand Defender's Day" and just the same, celebrates all men regardless of age or occupation.|

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Though the was never very profitable because of the costs of transportation, most Russian traders were determined to keep the land for themselves. In 1784, , who would later set up the Russian-Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska, arrived in Three Saints Bay on with two ships, the and the . The Koniag harassed the Russian party and Shelekhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelekhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after ) on the island's Three Saints Bay.|

In the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, some Russian Catholics have cautiously begun to appear in the open. In a 2005 article, Russian Catholic priest Sergei Golovanov stated that three Russian Catholic priests serve on Russian soil celebrating the Russian Byzantine Divine Liturgy. Two of them use the recension of the Russian as used after Patriarch in the 1600s, and the other priest uses the medieval rite of the Old Believers, that is to say, as the Russian liturgical recension existed before Patriarch Nikon. All Russian Catholics strictly maintain the use of . As of 2006, the two Exarchates are still at least officially extant but have not yet been reconstituted, neither have new Russian Rite bishops been appointed to head them.|

Begins with a brief survey of Russian political history, then focuses on Russian and Soviet art, including some non-Russian works from former republics of the Soviet period (Georgia, Armenia, Latvia, Central Asia). Includes ballet and theatre, cinema and classical music as well as bard music and formerly underground rock, some literature and poetry, and art from the icons to the avant-garde to unofficial and official art.|

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